How has Baz Luhrmann made Romeo and Juliet accessible and interesting for a young contemporary audience Essay Example

How has Baz Luhrmann made Romeo and Juliet accessible and interesting for a young contemporary audience? Essay Romeo and Juliet is a romantic tragedy set in Verona in Elizabethan times. Two families, the Montagues and the Capulets, both noble households, continue their ancient feud, the play starting with a small skirmish in the town centre. However when some young Montagues gatecrash a Capulet party, dishonouring their enemy, Romeo meets Juliet, and the next day they secretly marry. Tybault, Juliets cousin, goes looking for Romeo, seeking revenge for the damaged pride Old Capulet had suffered, and when Romeo arrives on the scene, Tybault offers a duel to him, which fatefully ends in Mercutio, Romeos best friends, death. Romeo then continues to kill Tybault and is exiled to Mantua. By her fathers will, Juliet is bound to marrying Parris, a noble friend of the family. A plot is hatched to fake Juliets death and Romeo should carry her away to Mantua. However a mix up leaves Romeo in the dark, and as he arrives on the scene to find Juliet apparently dead, he poisons himself. In his dieing moment s, Juliet awakens, and she too commits suicide. In this story, fate and destiny play large parts, ending in an agreement between the two households to end their feud. In the script there is quite a lot of wordplay between the characters, for instance the first scene dialog about coals. Shakespeare also mixes use of prose, rhyme and iambic pentameter. For example when speaking about Rosaline, his love, Romeo uses a poetic rhyming verse, whereas in Act one Scene two Shakespeare uses rhyming couplets to show comedy, and also parodies the eloquent ornate prose used by people in the sixteenth century. Shakespeare would entertain his audience using different language and verse to show different moods whether it be comedy, romance or desperation. Baz Luhrmann, then a little known director, has taken this 16th century text and transformed it into a dazzling and accessible film aimed at the young, contemporary audience of today but how has he done this? He has used many different methods to achieve this, the biggest point is that now, Romeo and Juliet, a classic story, is set in contemporary America. Luhrmann has used many technical film methods, types of editing, sound tracks, length and angles of shots, and special effects. But he has also, short of rewriting the script, completely transformed the play, into this dazzling film. He has changed parts of the plot, cut out large portions of text and even swapped members of the households around. But the film is still exactly the same story, told in a different way, without any new dialog or text. He has stretched the limits Shakespeare had when writing the script, and taken them to new heights in creating this amazing film. We will write a custom essay sample on How has Baz Luhrmann made Romeo and Juliet accessible and interesting for a young contemporary audience? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How has Baz Luhrmann made Romeo and Juliet accessible and interesting for a young contemporary audience? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How has Baz Luhrmann made Romeo and Juliet accessible and interesting for a young contemporary audience? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet, the theatre he had, was a stage, with smaller balcony above it. Shakespeare had to work around this, and you can see particularly in Act three Scene one where Mercutios body would clutter up the relatively small stage; Shakespeare instead kills him off stage, the balcony scene, where Romeo is below the window and balcony where Juliet is, and also in other places. These scenes could have been written differently for a bigger stage, as they were adapted for Baz Luhrmanns film, but that was the theatre Shakespeare had available. Luhrmann had quite a large budget for his film; the 20th Century Fox logos showing high production value. He used both high value studios and filmed out of doors, which is an expensive way of capturing a setting. However to partly balance this, the large cityscapes, gas station and other out door scenes were filmed in South America to push down the production cost. The city used is merely a generic cityscape, denoting the contemporary United States of America not any particular American city. Luhrmann has modernized the setting, but still in keeping with the text. For instance the gas station in the first scene replaces a communal town square. The gas station is a public place like the square and fighting would certainly not be allowed in either of them. Luhrmann has used a variety of different issues, relevant in todays society and intertwined them into the story of Romeo and Juliet, without changing any of the original text. He has mainly done this using visual images and diegetic sounds. For example there is a connection with drug use in Act one Scene one, where Mercutio gives Romeo a small tablet with a heart on. There is no mention of this from Shakespeare; it is merely an invention of Baz Luhrmann. Another example of using contemporary issues is the fact that all of the characters carry around guns. When Shakespeare wrote the play, guns had only just been invented and were unreliable, inaccurate and hard to get hold of, but most people would carry around swords. In Luhrmanns film, it would not of made sense to have such a contemporary scene with people walking around with swords. To get around this each of the guns has a model name, which reflects its mention is the text. For instance Benvolio uses a Sword 9mm Series and Capulet calls for his Long Sword, which is replaced by a large gun named Longsword. As the setting of the film is contemporary America, this issue is well handled, as there is a growing arms problem in America today. The reason Luhrmann has added these issues into the film is because of audience uses and gratifications. For instance, personal identity with the characters as an example Tybault as a rebel or Romeo as a lover, or personal identity with any of the range of issues like drug use, and guns. Another value is gaining an insight into the circumstances of others, or social empathy. If you automatically condemned anyone who used a gun, you may change your view seeing this film because for example, the Montagues use theirs in self-defence, and without their guns would be shot by their enemy. The guns issue is also related to the strong mafia connections in the film. The two families are shown as rival gangs, with both legitimate and illegitimate sides of business. There is a certain hierarchy to the families, for instance Old Capulet at the top with Tybault beneath him and Abra at the bottom. There is a similar hierarchy for the Montagues. The Montagues and Capulets own rival construction firms, and the mafia have always been associated with this, for instance the tale that if you cross the mafia you will find yourself cemented to the underside of a bridge. The two gangs are very different in style. For example in the first scene alone, the Montagues are shown as rowdy punks, unorganised but still deadly because of their unpredictability. The Capulets arrive in a suave navy car, and are dressed more formally. They move differently to the Montagues as well. With planned, stylish moves compared to the Montagues rushed, panicky ones. A good example of this is how the two gangs show their weapons in the first scene. The Montague boys frantically rip their shirts away showing their guns. The Capulets, Abra and Tybault slowly draw back their coats to reveal their weapons. Even the way the Capulets talk is very different to the Montagues. Tybault speaks slowly showing he is not scared and is calm and collected. It would seem the Capulets are more deadly with precision and organization. However, the unpredictability of the Montagues makes them just as dangerous. This juxtaposition is deliberate, because the split in the two families or gangs has to be very obvious to show the feud is serious. Servants are not commonplace in America today, so the servants of the houses are shown as simple gangs members at the bottom of the hierarchy. The nurse is portrayed as a South American woman, likely to have been hired to look after Juliet, as a servant, but the lines where Lady Capulet refers to her in this way, have been cut out. During the prologue mainly, Luhrmann creates a sense of narrative progression from the fast moving montage of images, even though they are not necessarily in chronological order in the script. He does this using editing, changing speeds of edits from one scene to the next, and also anchoring each image to a voice over. Also in the prologue, and throughout the film there is intertextuality. For example I think the still images in the prologue showing the Capulets and the Montagues along with a piece of text introducing them, relates to the television series Dallas. This shows early on, in case you havent already caught on, that the film is very contemporary. One other way of using of intertextuality is the use of different genres in the film. For instance the western genre is used extensively in the first scene. The whistling wind when Tybault speaks and the way his metal-heeled boots clink on the ground, as well as the squeaking petrol station sign, all have strong connotations of the western genre. Another genre used in the first scene is action. Explosions, guns and special effects all show this. There are also comedy aspects throughout the film. The two Montague boys other than Benvolio joke continuously throughout the film, and in the first scene, are almost slapstick in their movements. For instance one of them falls backwards into the car, and the way he handles the lady hitting him over the head with a handbag. There are several ways in which the director has added realism. Firstly he uses women actors. In Shakespeares time young boys whose voices had not broken played all women characters. Another way of increasing the realism in the film is the use of sound bridges. These are sounds that bridge two or more shots together. This happens in real life so increases realism. In Shakespeares time you heard what you saw all of the time. Luhrmann had a large enough budget to go on the search for some high value stars to act in his film. Leonardo Di Caprio, one of the top earning American actors, plays the main character. Though Claire Danes was unknown to the film world, this was her first big film, Luhrmann decided she fitted the act well and chose her over bigger stars. Big stars automatically bring audiences and so are an asset to the film, not only because of their greater acting skills, but also because of their previous track record and fans they will bring as audience. A lot of the props were created from scratch with incredible attention to detail. All of the guns are original designs by the props department, each bearing its own name and brand. The precision goes down to each gun even having an identifying serial number. Every single different coin and note in the films world was designed and created even though they were seen only a couple of times. This attention to detail is consistent throughout the film, which gives a good sense of reality. Shakespeare could not show weather on the stage, the theatre was open air and the weather did what it pleased. To get around this, the characters say what the weather is doing. For example Benvolio says in Act three lets retire: the day is hot. The changing weather in the film is a big part of the realism created. For instance the wind and the storm in Act three Scene one. Although the storm adds realism, it also builds with the story, as it gets more intense. Mercutios death brings high winds and the rain begins to fall when Romeo goes after Tybault and the storm reaches its climax, with thunder and lightning when Romeo shoots Tybault. As well as not being able to show weather, Shakespeare had no electricity or source of controllable light. As a result of this, most plays were performed in the daytime when it was light. Luhrmann has used different amounts of light in the film quite a lot. There are a lot of daytime scenes, which although filmed outside would need extra electric lighting as well for the cameras to pick up a good picture. Likewise the church scene in Act five with candles. The candles dont give off enough light for the cameras on their own, so the light was boosted using filler lights. These extra lights allow the director to have dark scenes like the balcony scene at night, without the viewer not being able to see the action. In the first scene of act one the shots start long as the mood is relaxed and fun, but towards the end of the scene as the tension rises to a climax the shots get closer and closer. For instance at the start of the scene there are long shots over the whole gas station for instance where Abra shouts Hubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble. However at the climax of the tension, there are extreme close up shots of Tybault and Benvolios eyes, staring each other down. This is one method Luhrmann has used to create tension. Another way he creates tension is by speeding up the editing. For instance in the prologue, it starts off with a long shot of the television slowly zooming in. By the end of the prologue the images are flashing past your eyes so quickly you barely have a chance to take them in. This is the unique selling point of the film. That there are so many intense images and fast moving scenes; it bombards you with a mass of sound and visual awe. Baz Luhrmann also uses visual imagery to enforce things already in the script, and he cuts out pieces of script to show the meaning visually instead. For instance instead of the joking and punning about the word coals in the very first scene, you have the Montague boys shouting and messing around in their car. This is because of the Elizabethan wordplay, which a contemporary audience would not find particularly funny. Again in the original script, Sampson and Gregory joke about raping the women of their rivals household. However in the film, there is only a short sequence where one of the Montague boys makes a gesture at a group of nuns. One other way Luhrmann uses imagery to enforce the script is where Tybault points his gun at a boy showing that Tybault is a rebel and lawless. This is shown again when he lights his cigar in front of the no smoking signs. This is meaning is connotated by his actions in the play but is not actually in the script. There are lots of other cuts in the script, partly to shorten the running time of the film, and partly because sixteenth century language is not easy to understand at full speed in large blocks. Most of the long speeches have been cut in length; the Queen Mab speech for instance is cut to only ten lines or so, from forty lines in Shakespeares script. In the original text, Romeo goes to the apothecary to buy some poison. Instead of this in the film, Romeo buys the vial of poison from an old man, the pool halls owners house. Romeo would not be able to buy it from an apothecary or chemist because it would be illegal for them to sell him poison. There is also no Friar John in the film. Instead friar Lawrence uses the mail service. This is a simple modernization of the script. Sycamore Grove in the original sixteenth century text was an orchard of sycamore trees. In the film, this grove is transformed into a run down beach funfair, with a derelict stage, a procenium arch, which turns out to be the stage for Mercutios death. Another scenery change is the entire concept of Verona. In the play it is a slightly high-class city in Italy. In the film however, Verona is Verona beach, a run down derelict holiday resort in west coast North America. Another major plot change is that Romeo does not kill Paris in the film. This is to do with making the film public friendly. Romeo is made out in the film to be the good guy, whereas in the script he is more neutral. Having Romeo murder an innocent man is supposed to show desperation. However in todays society, killing a man is a very serious crime and would not make Romeo a popular hero. Instead the director chose to have Romeo take a hostage, showing the same amount of desperation. The only person Romeo is shown to kill in the film is Tybault, who is portrayed as the evil character. Also Romeo killed Tybault in blind rage at Mercutios death, which partly justifies it, especially in the viewers eyes. In the film, Samson and Gregory are the Montague Boys, whereas in the original text, they are servants of the house of Capulet. Likewise Abra, Abraham in the script, and Balthasar, unnamed, are Capulets whereas in the script they are Montagues. This makes no difference to the plot, but the way Luhrmann has arranged it works excellently, without changing the plot at all. Abra is named what he is instead of Abraham in the film, because in America Abraham is recognised as a Jewish name, whereas Abra has the accent, and appearance of a South American man. Baz Luhrmann uses both diegetic and non-diegetic music in the film, to give a sense of the emotion of the scene. For instance the non-diegetic music in act two scene two where Romeo and Juliet are in the pool shows the romance, and the diegetic music in act one scene five from the female singer and piano again shows the romance. Another mood shown by diegetic music is in Act two scene one of the film, where The Montague boys are leaving the party. They are singing with the car stereo We are a pretty piece of flesh. This shows they are in an aggressive, intimidating mood. So these are some of the many ways in which Baz Luhrmann has turned William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet into a contemporary film.

Free Essays on Ozone Layers

egnegnbeOzone Ozone derives from the greek word ozein which means to smell. It was first discovered in 1839 by Christian Friedrick Schonbein who noticed it because of its distinctive acrid smell. He discovered this at the University of Basel in Switzerland. Ozone is merely oxygen, but not the type we breath. Ozone, O3 has three compounds while oxygen has only two. Ozone is reac- tive, meaning it does not stay still, and wants to go back to its original state, with two compounds, O2. This is why ozone is harmful. Ozone always wants to let go of its third compound, and if this compound reacts with other substances, it could be damaging, especially to humans. When discussing with the ozone layer, one should know the four major atmosphere levels on earth. The troposphere which is between zero and fifteen kilometers in altitude and has tempera- ture ranges from two hundred to two hundred ninety kelvins. The second is the stratosphere which ranges from fifteen to approxi- mately fifty kilometers in altitude and has temperature ranges from two hundred to two hundred fifty kelvins. The third level in the atmosphere is mesosphere. This level ranges from fifty to eighty-five kilometers in altitude and has temperature ranges between one hundred eighty and two hundred fifty kelvins. Finally, the thermosphere is the final level in the atmosphere. It's range is eighty- five to one hundred forty kilometers and also temperatures as high as four hundred sixty kelvins. Society has been widely addressed with the many problems that we are having in our environment today. A major problem is that of CFCs. CFC stands for Chlorofluorocarbons which are found in many of the aerosol spray cans. In December of 1973, Rowland and Molina discovered that CFCs can destroy the ozone in the stratosphere. In June 1975, the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC) sued the Consumers Product Safety Commis... Free Essays on Ozone Layers Free Essays on Ozone Layers egnegnbeOzone Ozone derives from the greek word ozein which means to smell. It was first discovered in 1839 by Christian Friedrick Schonbein who noticed it because of its distinctive acrid smell. He discovered this at the University of Basel in Switzerland. Ozone is merely oxygen, but not the type we breath. Ozone, O3 has three compounds while oxygen has only two. Ozone is reac- tive, meaning it does not stay still, and wants to go back to its original state, with two compounds, O2. This is why ozone is harmful. Ozone always wants to let go of its third compound, and if this compound reacts with other substances, it could be damaging, especially to humans. When discussing with the ozone layer, one should know the four major atmosphere levels on earth. The troposphere which is between zero and fifteen kilometers in altitude and has tempera- ture ranges from two hundred to two hundred ninety kelvins. The second is the stratosphere which ranges from fifteen to approxi- mately fifty kilometers in altitude and has temperature ranges from two hundred to two hundred fifty kelvins. The third level in the atmosphere is mesosphere. This level ranges from fifty to eighty-five kilometers in altitude and has temperature ranges between one hundred eighty and two hundred fifty kelvins. Finally, the thermosphere is the final level in the atmosphere. It's range is eighty- five to one hundred forty kilometers and also temperatures as high as four hundred sixty kelvins. Society has been widely addressed with the many problems that we are having in our environment today. A major problem is that of CFCs. CFC stands for Chlorofluorocarbons which are found in many of the aerosol spray cans. In December of 1973, Rowland and Molina discovered that CFCs can destroy the ozone in the stratosphere. In June 1975, the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC) sued the Consumers Product Safety Commis...

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Research paper - Essay Example The difference here is that the Fences represents an African-American family while the Death of a Salesman is a story of the middle class American Caucasian of the 1940s. The story of Death of a Salesman centres around the disillusioned Willy Loman’s inability to stay focused on things and is replete with flashbacks. Willy’s family is struggling to survive and Biff, the son is unemployed and constantly fighting with Willy. There is a constant failure in jobs. The flashbacks reveal that Biffs career was jeopardized in high school when Biff finds his father having an affair. Eventually Biff accepts himself for what he is, but his father is unable to come to terms with failure and kills himself. Fences though written in was written in 1986 portrays a family of the fifties. It is a play that portrays the life of an African-American family living in a difficult period when Africans were being segregated. Byungho Han (2001) describes the setting of the play thus: â€Å"The setting of Fences intends to reveal their dreams of happiness, and subsequent sense of loss, and frustration in the fifties of America.†Ã‚   This play tells the life of a middle-aged African American, Troy Maxson, who struggles to raise his son, keep his family together in an ever changing society. Laura Hitchcock while comparing him with Willy Loman says, â€Å"Like Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, Troy Maxson is one of the most recognizable anti-heroes of the American stage. Hes monstrous, honourable, and a huge charismatic presence in the life of his family†. He has survived a brutal childhood and a prison term and works as a garbage man. Troys son, Cory, wants to play football and get a college scholarship. Troy believes that the whites will not allow his son to play. He also feels that football will interfere with Cory’s job at a grocery store. He makes Cory leave football for his job as he wants Cory to become

Internet and social media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet and social media - Article Example I know a friend of mine, since childhood who used to remain very quiet in the classroom until few years ago. His name is John. He used to speak very rarely, and did not participate in group discussions. He remained silent and kept observing others. I seldom saw him speak in gatherings. I always found him more defensive than expressive in his speech. He could not bear someone contradicting his points of view or pass an indecent comment as friends normally do. This is perhaps the reason John did not participate in group discussions. But this John is completely different from the one I have in my friends list on facebook. John is too expressive in the virtual world. One day, I asked John the reason behind the disparity between his real world social interaction and that in the virtual world. He told me that he felt more protected while interacting in the virtual world. One reason why he thinks so is that he does not have to come up with prompt answers to the nasty comments made by his fr iends. When someone sends him a message on facebook and criticizes him in anyway, he has more time to select the most rational answer from a variety of choices. I have personally noticed that his responses to others’ comments on facebook are much more objective, well synthesized and well reasoned than what he normally makes in the real world conversation.

Poetry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Poetry Analysis - Essay Example ‘Your absence distributed itself†¦ When I sat down in the armchair The silent memories of the departed soul have made a strong impression on the poet who was pregnant at that time. She has expertly used the imagery in the text to capture the soul stirring emotional gap that is evident in the place and time that was once inhabited by him. ‘Friends and relatives kept coming, trying to fill up the house†¦ the green hanger swang empty/ and the head of the table/ demanded a plate’. People and acquaintances come voluntarily to visit the place and pay homage to a person who is so patently loved and who is present despite his physical absence. The poet’s use of the figurative speech, has correctly reflected the acute sense of loss one and all. Another very important feature of the poet’s text is that she has beautifully associated the death with the beginning of life that is growing inside her body. According to her, the inevitability of the death and inconsolable loss has brought for the ultimate truth of the universe. Death is final and one is totally helpless in front of it. The poet has compared this feeling of helplessness to that of the child who is still growing inside the womb of the mother and is totally dependent on her for his survival. Indeed the allegory of death and life is the philosophical reminder that it is a cycle that must be encountered by all. ‘I lay down in the cool waters/ of my own womb/ and became the child/ inside, innocuous/ as a button, helplessly growing’. The stark realities of the life are beyond our control and the poet has succeeded in expressing this ideological philosophy through the simple words by ending the poem with ‘I slept because it was the only/ thing I could do. I even dreamed/ I couldnt stop myself’. ‘Those Winter Days’ by Robert Hayden, is a poem that shows that death has a strange way of acknowledging love that

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Treatments

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Treatments The digestive system plays a huge role in the survival in all living animals and our digestive system, through a series of physical and chemical changes, breaks down the food we eat into molecules that are absorbed and used by the cells in our bodies. Like many things in life, we often take advantage of the systems in our body and do not take proper care of our bodies. We only seem to pay attention to them when something is going wrong. Inflammatory bowel disease, also known as IBD, is one of many common diseases that affect hundreds of thousands of people in North America every year. Inflammatory bowel disease is not a disease in itself; rather it is a name for a group of similar disorders. The two main types of inflammatory bowel disease are known as Crohns disease and Ulcerative colitis. Both disorders cause parts of the digestive tract (most commonly the large or small intestines) to become inflamed. This paper will outline some details about inflammatory bowel disease including its causes, diagnoses treatment, life style changes made when diagnosed, and some other issues. Causes of IBD Doctors and scientists have been researching the cause, but they are still not certain as to what exactly causes them. It is believed that the inflammation caused by IBD is contributed to by three main factors. These factors are the genes one inherits, ones immune system, and a foreign substance (an antigen) in the environment. It is believed that this foreign substance is either directly causing the inflammation or the antigen triggers the bodys immune system. Once the immune system is triggered it begins to produce inflammation as an attempt to destroy the antigen, but in cases of IBD inflammation can not be controlled. Though the patients immune system begins to defend the body, it does not know how to properly stop at the correct time which may cause extreme damages to the digestive tract due to inflammation and eventually will cause ulcers (sores) 1. Other causes of IBD have to do with ones genetic make up. It is believed that IBD can be linked to ones race, family history and genes. IBD can affect some ethnic groups more than others. IBD was first believed to only affect Caucasians but recent reports have changed that view. There is a rate of 149/100,000 Caucasians that are infected in America, but Jews of European descent living in North America are 4-5 times more likely to contract the disease than people of other ethnicities2. There are also reports of higher cases of IBD in those of African descent, but there are lower infection rates in Asians and Hispanics. Studies also show that 10-20% of people who are affected by IBD will have a family history of having the disease. This means that greatest possible risk to contracting IBD is if someone in your family has been diagnosed with it before. Those who have family members who have been affected are 10 times more likely to be infected and if the infected relative is a brother o r sister, chances of getting IBD increases 30 fold3. Scientists also have come to believe that the NOD2 gene may be linked with IBD Symptoms Inflammatory bowel disease is not curable and will affect patients sporadically through out their lives. Symptoms vary from person to person when it comes to IBD and will flare up and die down at different times in a patients life. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, cramps and rectal bleeding. IBD can also affect ones joints, eyes, and skin and some children who suffer from Crohns may experience delayed growth and sexual development. IBD is a disease that will affect a patient for many years and symptoms will come and go, sometimes more severe than other times. Along with typical symptoms patients may feel other complications as well. Common complications in patients of IBD include intestinal blockages caused by swelling. The blockage will lead to narrower intestinal passages and thicker bowel walls. Medication can be used to remove these blockages, but if they are serious they may need surgery. Nutrional deficiencies may also be a complication often occurring in those who have b een diagnosed with IBD for a very long time. Their bodies will have troubles with absorbing proteins and vitamins, which may lead to a deficiency. Vitamin supplements may be needed in these cases. Sores and ulcers are also a common complication. The ulcers may cause a fistula (a hole that leads from one loop of the intestine to another) to develop. These holes may lead to the bladder, vagina or skin and may become infected. If small enough, fistulas may be treated with drugs, but if serious enough surgery may be required.5 Chrons Disease There are 5 main types of Crohns disease based on the general area that is being affected. The complications and symptoms of Crohns are different depending on what area of the intestines are inflamed. Ileocolitis: This is the most common form of Crohns disease that affects the ileum. The symptoms that come with ileocolitis include pain in middle of the abdomen, cramping, and diarrhea. Ileocolitis can also cause weight loss. Ileitis: This form of Crohns only affects the ileum, but results in the same symptoms as ileocolitis. Gastroduodenal Crohns disease: Occurs in the stomach the duodenum. Symptoms may include loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss Jejunoilletis: Jejunoiletis causes patchy areas of inflammation in the jejunum. Symptoms include cramps following meals, diarrhea and include pain in the abdominal region that ranges from mild to severe. Crohns colitis: This form of Crohns only affects the colon and causes diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and other diseases around the anus including ulcers.6 Ulcerative Colitis There are also many form of ulcerative colitis, but they have almost the exact same symptom as some forms of Crohns disease. Ulcerative Procitis: The inflammation in located in the rectum and in mild cases, rectal bleeding may be the only symptom. In more serious cases one may feel sudden urges to go to the bathroom and tenesumus which is a term describing painful and ineffective bowel movements. Proctosigmoiditis: Inflammation is located in the rectum and the last section of the colon (sigmoid colon). The symptoms are the same of those that come with ulcerative procitis. Left-sided Colitis: Inflamation in the left side of the colon (rectum, sigmoid colon, and descending colon). Also called limited or distal colitis. The symptoms caused by left-sided colitis are pain on the left side of the abdomen, weightloss and diarreah.7 Diagnosis According to the Crohns Colitis Foundation of Canada by fall of 2008, about 200 000 Canadian8 and according to the Crohns Colitis Foundation of America about 1.4 million Americans9 have been diagnosed with IBD. IBD tends to infect those who are between the ages 15-35 years of age, but is not limited to those few. It can also occur in younger children and people as old as 70. A staggering 10% of those who are affected by IBD are under the age of 18. Because of the high rate of IBD it is important to have the disease properly diagnosed. Inflammatory bowel diseases symptoms are very similar to many other diseases so doctors must be careful when diagnosing the disease and it may take a long time. Some common tests to diagnose IBD include endoscopies examining the colon, the sigmoid colon, esophagus, or the liver and pancreatic duct. Different types of radiology test can be used as well including x-rays, CT scans, MRI, white blood cell scans, and ultrasounds. Sometimes a small piece of tissue from the infected area may be cut out for closer analysis. This can further help doctors diagnose IBD.10 Treatment As of now, there isnt any known cure for IBD. Once a patient is diagnosed IBD it is important to properly treat the disorder in order to keep ones symptoms in check. The most common form of treatment is the usage of medication. There are many types of drugs used to treat patients with IBD. Aminosalicylates are one type of drug used that are meant to subside inflammation caused by IBD and is usually used to treat mild symptoms. Asacol, ® Colazal,. ® Dipentum, ® orPentasa, ® are all examples of aminosalicylates. Corticosteroids, the second type of drug which is usually used in moderate to severe cases, are given to patients to suppress ones immune system. Prednisone and methylprednisolone are the types of corticosteroids and they can be dangerous because they may cause some long-term side effects. The third type of drug used to treat IBD are immune modifiers. These are used to heal fistulas in the intestinal tract and to help reduce ones dosage of corticosteroids. Azathioprine (Imuran ®), 6-MP (Purinethol ®), and methotrexateImmune modifiers are some examples of this. Just like many other diseases IBD can also be treated with the use of Antibiotics. Antibiotics like metronidazole, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, are just a few of the types that can be used. Also biological therapies can be used to treat IBD. There are many types and each serves a different purpose. For example Inflixmiab (Remicade ®) is a drug made of 75 percent human, 25 percent mouse protein and is an antibody. This antibodies function is to block ones immune system. This blockage stops the immune system from making a chemical called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a chemical that is made by the bodys immune system to intensify inflammation within the body. By stopping the immune system from making TNF-alpha, inflammation caused by IBD can be prevented.11 Eventually medicine will not be enough to control the symptoms of IBD. 66%-75% of people diagnosed with Crohns will eventually need surgery in their lives. Surgery may be needed to repair a fistula, clear blockage in the intestines, or to remove a section of the intestines. In cases of IBD, surgerys main function is to try and keep as much as the bowels intact and helps patients live a high quality life.12 Societal issues and Life Style Changes Along with proper medication certain lifestyle changes can be made in order to reduce ones symptoms and improve overall health. Special care should be taken to make sure one is receiving a healthy diet. Often those who are diagnosed with IBD have a loss of appetite because of nausea which may lead to an improper amount of food intake. The disease also increases the amount of calories needed by the body. Also IBD causes diarrhea and is linked to problems with absorption of protein, fat, carbohydrates and water. All of these take away essential nutrients from the body and proper nutrition can help return those nutrients to the body. Also when experiencing some of the symptoms of IBD one should avoid eating any high-fiber and spicy foods because they may cause even more discomfort.13 Inflammatory bowel disease is very common among people in North America and because of this people may feel emotionally stressed when they find out they are diagnosed with IBD. This is a major societal issue because of how common IBD is. People may struggle to cope with the chronic pain accompanied with IBD. It will begin to really affect ones quality of life. Ones physical and emotional well being, self-esteem, and ability to function in social groups may be affected. Patients who are diagnosed with IBD should try to receive emotional support from their families and doctors. Though psychiatric help is not mandatory it may also be a good idea to talk to a therapist. Stress plays a role in IBD. One should try reducing stress to help avoid a flare in their symptoms. Regular Exercise, yoga, and listening to music are just a few ways to relieve stress.14 Environmental Issues Researches do not know why, but IBD is more common in areas that are more developed. Cases of IBD are usually found in the U.S. and Europe. IBD is more common in northern climate and in urban areas, rather than southern climates and rural areas.15 Societal Issues As previously stated Crohns and Ulcerative Colitis do not have a known cure and are a life long disease. IBD is treated with numerous types of medications and surgery. The problem with this is that those who are uninsured and are diagnosed with IBD must pay thousands of dollars over the courses of their life in order to pay for medicine and surgery. In fact reports from the market research firm GlobalData states that in 2008 $1.4 billion in revenue was made from sales of medication related to Crohns That number is expected to go up to $2.1 billion by 2015.16 Ethical Issues There have been cases where people with Crohns have received stem-cell transplantation. One boy was diagnosed with Crohns disease when he was 13 and had received regular treatment for Crohns. He eventually developed non-Hodgkins lymphoma when he was 20 and received a stem cell transplantation to fight the lymphoma.. He did not receive the stem cell for his Crohns, but for 7 years after the transplantation he did not have any symptoms for Crohns17.This raises a question whether or not stem cell research should be used to treat IBD. Stem cell research has raised many debates on how ethical it is. There have been many debates whether or not stem cell research should be allowed or not. Conclusion There currently is not a cure for IBD, but those who have been diagnosed should be aware of symptoms, causes, and the all the possible things they can do to improve their lives. Research is being done and scientists have been working hard to try and improve treatment for IBD and eventually find the cure. People who have been diagnosed will face some challenges, but they should go on to live long healthy and happy lives.

Self-Made Misery in Blake’s London Essay -- Blakes London Essays

Self-Made Misery in Blake’s London  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poet William Blake paints a picture of the dirty, miserable streets of London in his poem, "London". He describes the wretched people at the bottom of the society, the chimney-sweeps, soldiers, and harlots. These people cry out from their pain and the injustices done to them. The entire poem centers around the wails of these people and what they have become due to wrongs done to them by the rest of society, primarily institutions such as the church and government. Are these people really wronged, however? The poem seems to suggest that the injustices they have been subjected to are of their own making. In Blake's poem he says that as he passes through London he sees a "mark in every face [he] meet[s]/ Marks of weakness, marks of woe." (3-4) He talks about how everywhere he hears cries of fear and suppression. The church seems to be ignoring the cry of the poor chimney-sweep in lines nine and ten. The soldier dies on the palace walls with a sigh. These are examples of the wretchedness of the lives that people lead. The central ide...

INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT AT SUNYANI REGIONAL HOSPITAL Essay

I express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God for his protection and guidance through the attachment period. I will humbly acknowledge the management and staff of Sunyani Regional Hospital Records Department, especially to Mr. Peter Amponsah Manu, Madam Elizerbeth kyeraah as the Supervisors at Medical Records Department and Mr. Sanyo, the senior manager of Live Records for their guidance, encouragement and also the knowledge impacted which has been a great help. Finally, I would like to thank my parent and family for your support both in prayers and financially throughout this attachment period, for your encouragement and all who helped in diverse ways to make this attachment successful. I say God richly bless you. DEDICATION I dedicate this report to Jesus Christ for his divine inspiration and motivation. Secondly, I dedicate this report to my mother Madam Grace Akosua Krah and loved ones who through their cordial relationship made this attachment and report a success. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Industrial attachment is one of the requirements needed in order to obtain the Higher National Diploma (HND) Certificate as instituted by the National Accreditation Board. It is a well structured skill training programme forming part of the approved academic standard intended for students to involve themselves, gain practical, managerial and or hand-on experience that pertains the area of course of studies. It also gives the student chance to solve real world problems. For the first two years in school, students have to spend their second semester vacation going through the industrial attachment. Students are required to cumulatively spend a minimum of 24 weeks on the practical industrial training in order to qualify as HND graduates. OBJECTIVE OF THE INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT As part of the education reform programme, the polytechnics are upgraded to a tertiary level to provide training and the needed skills to meet the nation’s professional, scientific and technological needs. However, industrial attachment programme has been attached to the academic curriculum where Higher National Diploma (HND) students are allowed to undergo industrial training to enable us to be more enlightened with what is happening in our present day environment to build upon what has been learnt in school. Hence HND students of the Polytechnics are required to serve an attachment with various organizations and write a report to the institution. This attachment in one way or the other creates job opportunities if the participant puts up their best behavior and efforts during their stay in the organization which they could be recommended for a company after their three year courses. It is for this reason that I undertook an industrial attachment at Sunyani Regional Hospital, for two months (from 27th May 2013 to 26th July 2013) at the Medical Records Department. BRIEF HISTORY OF SUNYANI REGIONAL HOSPITAL Sunyani Regional hospital is an ultra- modern hospital which was established in May 2003 and it is located on the Barracks-Techiman road. The hospital was initially opened in 1928 but its bed capacity was around 150. From 1969 to 1972, the then Busia government realized the need for a larger and structurally better hospital the Region and started the construction of the Doctors bungalows, Nursing training college and Nurses quarters to secure the human resource requirement. Dr. Asare said â€Å"after the exist of Busia government in 1972 the project laid of f. In 1983 and 1990 Nanasunyanihene and Dr. C.J Oppong sent several memos and petitions to the succeeding minister of Health on the need for a new Regional Hospital.† Regional capitals like Cape Coast, Ho and Sunyani were announced by the N.D. C government in 1993 to be built to standard and their aim was achieved in 2003 but was named after Prof. John Evans Atta Mills. The hospital is situated on a leveled ground and share boundaries with Penkwase in east and Nkwabeng North in the north. It covers about 450 hectres of land. VISION STATEMENT OF R.H.S To provide a model secondary health care facility for best clinical practice in the country and beyond and also provide the highest quality health care consistent with the service standard. â€Å"We hope to maintain the equipment, estate and other facilities in the hospital to gain the accolade as one of the cleanest, neatest and customer-friendly hospital in Africa.† Said by Dr. Mohammed Bin Ibrahim the Regional Director of Ghana Health Service. MISSION STATEMENT OF R.H.S The main thrust of the health care delivery over years has been to â€Å"improve the overall health status and reduce inequalities in health outcome of the people†. DEPARTMENTS / SECTIONS/UNIT ADMISTRATION. The administration is headed by the administrator who is the next in command after the medical doctor. He administers or checks the  incoming and outgoings of all working and non working staffs of the hospital, new and old suppliers, etc. His ascent on needed requested item or letter permits a transaction between the hospital(procurement unit, account office and suppliers) or activity to take place at the hospital ACCOUNT DEPARTMENT The account unit is responsible for the payments business transactions approved by the doctor and the administrator and the proper accounting of all moneys received or sent out of the hospitals account. The calculation of the total bills of drugs and non drugs to patients after quality health care delivery to enable the hospital claim their money from the government(national health insurance scheme Centre PHARMACY. The pharmacy is where drugs are been distributed to all patient with and without national health insurance card based on the drugs being prescribed by either the doctor or the health assistance in the hospital . LIVE RECORDS. This is where patients folders are stored , retrieved, filed and analyzed in the hospital for easy identification of patient folder , sickness and total turn out of patients at the hospital within a period of time. OUT- PATIENT DEPARTMENT. This is also the place where all patient with and without the insurance cards check their blood pressure before they see the doctor or the health assistance of the hospital. PROCUREMENT/STORES Lastly, this is where the procurement officers/store keeper invites quotation, evaluate and appraise suppliers with the help of the doctor, administrator . Purchases of items are also done by this department and later issues are made to the various departments within the hospital based on their requisitions in their order books according to their needs to the stores department. It  is also responsible for the control and management of all stock. MAJOR ACTIVITIES The hospital provides the following services to staff and their families as well as other organizations and the organizations the general public: a. Outpatient. b. Inpatient. c. Laboratory. d. Dispensary. e. Maternity and delivery. f. Medicare. g. General surgery. h. A N C/P N C. i. Ultrasound Scan. j. Family planning. k. Public health services. l. Ophthalmic care. m. E N T. n. Ambulance. o. Child welfare clinic. p. Ophthalmic Care. CHAPTER TWO NATURE OF WORK DONE AT MEDICAL RECORDS DEPARTMENT / OUT – PATIENT DEPARTMENT (O.P.D) During my industrial attachment at Sunyani Regional Hospital, I was posted to Medical Records Department which constitutes the Out -Patient Department (O.P.D), Filing room and Live Records. At those Departments, the descriptions of nature of work done are categorized under the following: a. Entering patient data in temporal cards. b. Entering information in folders. c. Detecting barcodes of folders and O. P. D numbers. d. Detecting active and inactive insured patient. e. Retrieving of patients folders. f. Registration of new patients. g. Registration of private companies. h. Arranging and sorting of folders on the shelves. i. Tallying of Out-Patient Department attendance. j. Entering daily ward states in Microsoft excel. k. Entering the monthly statistical diagnosis in Microsoft excel. l. Filling of claim forms. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE TRAINING/WORK PERFORMED BY THE STUDENT. ENTERING PATIENT DATA IN TEMPORAL CARDS [T.C]: This are cards issued to patients as their first visit in hospital to take medical treatment, with their names, ages, date of birth, contact address, insurance numbers etc and also they are giving Identification cards with numbers to have access to their temporal cards. ENTERING PATIENT INFORMATION FOLDERS: Patients who’s Temporal Cards are full with history, are assigned by Doctors to retrieve folders from the Out- Patient Department (O.P.D) before treatment which was my duty. DETECTING BARCODES OF FOLDERS AND O.P.D NUMBERS: Internet application software likes e-Archive and Hams are used at the Out-Patient Department (O.P.D) in detecting the barcodes of folders when patient issue their Identification Cards with O. P. D numbers. When patient displace their cards, I use their insurance numbers or sur names to search for their O. P. D numbers for them to reach their fol ders before medication. DETECTING ACTIVE AND INACTIVE INSURED PATIENT: All patients insured are to issue their National Health Insurance I.D cards for verification of either active or inactive by using Oracle internet application software at the O. P. D before they consult the Doctors. RETRIEVING OF PATIENT FOLDERS: This involves picking of folders of patient from the folder shelves using their barcodes and Out Patient Department (O.P.D) numbers on their hospital cards. After picking the folder, you enter the name of patient and the O.P.D number in the Admissions and Discharges register before you give the folder to the patient and later proceed to make entries into the computer at the filing room. REGISTRATION OF NEW PATIENTS: Patients who has just come to the hospital for the first time are registered  by the use of HAMS. Their details like their names, gender, age and Home address are recorded in the new case records book. Also, through interviews, relevant information like date of birth, marriage status, religion, contact number, Postal address, including others are recorded in the folder and given an O. P. D number folder number. A hospital card bearing the patient name, O.P.D number, date of registration is made, added to the new folder and handed over to p atient only when he or she comes to the hospital. A SAMPLE OF PATIENT OF FOLDER REGISTRATION OF PRIVATE COMPANIES. Currently, Sunyani Regional Hospital has approved services to private Insurance companies such as Premier Health Care, MEDI- X Health System, Nationwide Mutual Health Care, Newmont Gold Ghana Limited, and among other private insurance company. Registration of patients with private insurance card is done by recording the name of the patients, date of birth, insurance number ,age, gender, name of scheme , claim number, Hospital Record number of patient are recorded in private insurance form or claim form book before a company patients can received a Medical Services. ARRANGING AND SORTING OF FOLDERS: Sorting of folders implies arranging folders in order by using their barcode numbers and O. P. D numbers on the shelves in the filing room after the patients has been treated. TALLYING OF OUT- PATIENT DEPARTMENT ATTENDANCE: This process was done at the Live Records to assist the hospital know the number of patients attendance. The Tally Sheet is categorized into male and female and ages, t hus 0-4years, 4-10years, 10-18years, 18-30years,†¦ 60years and above including the total on sheet before entries are made Microsoft Excel. ENTERING DAILY WARD STATES IN MICROSOFT EXCEL :The Daily Ward State like number of Admissions, Discharges, Bed occupancy in wards such as Accident and Emergency (A and E),Male/Female medical, Male/Female surgical, Male/Female ward etc were entered in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet at Bio-statistics/Live records. ENTERING THE MONTHLY STATISTICAL DIAGNOSIS IN MICROSOFT EXCEL: After the summary of Diagnoses recorded at each ward or clinic in the monthly morbidity book, the data is entered in Microsoft excel spreadsheet, the sheet is grouped into  gender, age and in diseases like Eye cataracts, Reflective eye, U T I, Malaria, Anemia in pregnancy, polio, scrotal diseases, cardio respiratory diseases etc, after the is data cross examined it is link to Ghana Statistical web. CHAPTER THREE A. NEW KNOWLEDGE/SKILLS ACQUIRED, AND CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED NEW KNOWLEDGE/SKILLS ACQUIRED AT MEDICAL RECORDS DEPARTMENT. My presence at the Medical Record Department, I acquired so many skills and new knowledge of which are helpful in my studies. Among these are: (a) I develop a good human relationship with staffs and patients. (b) The programme made my typing speed to increase when entering data. (c) It enhances my technology when workings with Microsoft excel spreadsheet especially dealing with calculations. (d) I had ability to work overtime and withstand any pressure with presence or absence of staffs. (e) I acquire knowledge and experience in working different internet application soft wares. (f) More skills were gain in filling of different claim forms and how to register prisoners before medication. CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED AT MEDICAL RECORDS DEPARTMENT. Sometimes, three or four staff from various sections may come to the Health record room at a go all requesting for their folders. Since I was not perfect with the location of almost all the folders in the room, I had to struggle in other to serve them. I had to adjust to sitting and working at the same place for eight hours which was quite difficult and stressful because I had to follow strictly to the procedure at work by reporting very early and closing in the evening. My shirts get dirty anytime I work in the filing room. The folders are always dusty so when retrieving and filing them on the shelves makes my shirts become dusty. I had to wake up at dawn in other to join the company’s bus; if I miss the bus then I have to use my own money as transportation. Feeding was a big  blow on me, because the staffs were fed whilst the attachment trainees were not. B. CONTRIBUTION OF STUDENT TO ORGANIZATION During my industrial training Sunyani Regional Hospital, I participated in almost every activity that was undertaken at the medical record department which included; Issuing barcodes numbers on newly patient folders. Filing of folders into their respective position on shelves at the filing room. Filling of claim forms at the O. P. D. Entering of daily ward states in Microsoft excel.  Books, folders and other necessities needed at out-patient department to record data were pulled on wheel from the stores. C. GENERAL COMMENTS, OBSERVATION AND IMPRESSION GENERAL COMMENTS. Upon all the challenges I adopted new skills in working overtime with both senior and junior staffs. I had ability to work without anybodies supervision at the field of work. More experience and technology was attained in any section or department I was posted to. OBSERVATIONS. I observed the following during my period of attachment that: The management of the hospital for instance the Medical Record Department is keeping good records. Computers available at their disposal, those not meet the so called â€Å"standard computerized hospital.† The compound of the Hospital is enticing especially the lawns, building structure and location of the Nursing Training College. Quality food is given to the patients on sick bed with good health care delivery. Marketing of shoes, perfumes, ladies tops etc is done by some staffs, and feeding is inadequate to meet all staffs. Mixing of patients folders. After treatment all folders are kept in the filing room but patients may be after their folders for treatment but can not find them. IMPRESSION. I was so impressed of how the supervisors welcome me and trained me to be equipped on the field of work. Also, I wonder how the staffs socialized themselves with me; patients may think I am a permanent staff. CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION School authorities should create more avenues for attachment trainees because it aid students to be well equipped in the field of work. It also serves as a field where students put into practice of the theoretical aspect leant from school. It should be encourage as far as Higher National Diploma is concerned. RECOMMENDATION. I recommend that staffs who market at the hospital should be prohibited. Attachment trainees should be motivated. I also recommend that proper measures should be taking in keeping patients folders. Lastly, food should be equally distributed to all staffs at the Hospital.

Free Essays on Ode On A Grecian Urn

Ode on a Grecian Urn Summary In the first stanza, the speaker, standing before an ancient Grecian urn, addresses the urn, preoccupied with its depiction of pictures frozen in time. It is the "still unravish'd bride of quietness," the "foster-child of silence and slow time." He also describes the urn as a "historian," which can tell a story. He wonders about the figures on the side of the urn, and asks what legend they depict, and where they are from. He looks at a picture that seems to depict a group of men pursuing a group of women, and wonders what their story could be: "What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? / What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?" In the second stanza, the speaker looks at another picture on the urn, this time of a young man playing a pipe, lying with his lover beneath a glade of trees. The speaker says that the piper's "unheard" melody's are sweeter than mortal melodies, because they are unaffected by time. He tells the youth that, though he can never kiss his lover because he is frozen in time, he should not grieve, because her beauty will never fade. In the third stanza, he looks at the trees surrounding the lovers, and feels happy that they will never shed their leaves; he is happy for the piper because his songs will be "for ever new," and happy that the love of the boy and the girl will last forever, unlike mortal love, which lapses into "breathing human passion," and eventually vanishes, leaving behind only a "burning forehead, and a parching tongue." In the fourth stanza, the speaker examines another picture on the urn, this one of a group of villagers leading a heifer to be sacrificed. He wonders where they are going ("To what green altar, O mysterious priest..."), and where they have come from. He imagines their little town, empty of all its citizens, and tells it that its streets will "for evermore" be silent, for those who have left it, fro... Free Essays on Ode On A Grecian Urn Free Essays on Ode On A Grecian Urn Ode on a Grecian Urn Summary In the first stanza, the speaker, standing before an ancient Grecian urn, addresses the urn, preoccupied with its depiction of pictures frozen in time. It is the "still unravish'd bride of quietness," the "foster-child of silence and slow time." He also describes the urn as a "historian," which can tell a story. He wonders about the figures on the side of the urn, and asks what legend they depict, and where they are from. He looks at a picture that seems to depict a group of men pursuing a group of women, and wonders what their story could be: "What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? / What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?" In the second stanza, the speaker looks at another picture on the urn, this time of a young man playing a pipe, lying with his lover beneath a glade of trees. The speaker says that the piper's "unheard" melody's are sweeter than mortal melodies, because they are unaffected by time. He tells the youth that, though he can never kiss his lover because he is frozen in time, he should not grieve, because her beauty will never fade. In the third stanza, he looks at the trees surrounding the lovers, and feels happy that they will never shed their leaves; he is happy for the piper because his songs will be "for ever new," and happy that the love of the boy and the girl will last forever, unlike mortal love, which lapses into "breathing human passion," and eventually vanishes, leaving behind only a "burning forehead, and a parching tongue." In the fourth stanza, the speaker examines another picture on the urn, this one of a group of villagers leading a heifer to be sacrificed. He wonders where they are going ("To what green altar, O mysterious priest..."), and where they have come from. He imagines their little town, empty of all its citizens, and tells it that its streets will "for evermore" be silent, for those who have left it, fro...

How It Feels to Be Colored Me, by Zora Neale Hurston

How It Feels to Be Colored Me, by Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neal Hurston was an author that was widely acclaimed. A genius of the South, novelist, folklorist, anthropologist- those are the words that Alice Walker had inscribed on the tombstone of Zora Neale Hurston. In this personal  essay (first published in The World Tomorrow, May 1928), the acclaimed author of Their Eyes Were Watching God explores her own sense of identity through a series of memorable examples and striking metaphors. As  Sharon L. Jones has observed, Hurstons essay challenges the reader to consider race and ethnicity as fluid, evolving, and dynamic rather than static and unchanging -Critical Companion to Zora Neale Hurston, 2009 How It Feels to Be Colored Me by Zora Neale Hurston 1 I am colored but I offer nothing in the way of extenuating circumstances except the fact that I am the only Negro in the United States whose grandfather on the mothers side was not an Indian chief. 2 I remember the very day that I became colored. Up to my thirteenth year I lived in the little Negro town of Eatonville, Florida. It is exclusively a colored town. The only white people I knew passed through the town going to or coming from Orlando. The native whites rode dusty horses, the Northern tourists chugged down the sandy village road in automobiles. The town knew the Southerners and never stopped cane chewing when they passed. But the Northerners were something else again. They were peered at cautiously from behind curtains by the timid. The more venturesome would come out on the porch to watch them go past and got just as much pleasure out of the tourists as the tourists got out of the village. 3 The front porch might seem a daring place for the rest of the town, but it was a gallery seat for me. My favorite place was atop the gatepost. Proscenium box for a born first-nighter. Not only did I enjoy the show, but I didnt mind the actors knowing that I liked it. I usually spoke to them in passing. Id wave at them and when they returned my salute, I would say something like this: Howdy-do-well-I-thank-you-where-you-goin? Usually, automobile or the horse paused at this, and after a queer exchange of compliments, I would probably go a piece of the way with them, as we say in farthest Florida. If one of my family happened to come to the front in time to see me, of course, negotiations would be rudely broken off. But even so, it is clear that I was the first welcome-to-our-state Floridian, and I hope the Miami Chamber of Commerce will please take notice. 4 During this period, white people differed from colored to me only in that they rode through town and never lived there. They liked to hear me speak pieces and sing and wanted to see me dance the parse-me-la, and gave me generously of their small silver for doing these things, which seemed strange to me for I wanted to do them so much that I needed bribing to stop, only they didnt know it. The colored people gave no dimes. They deplored any joyful tendencies in me, but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the county- everybodys Zora. 5 But changes came in the family when I was thirteen, and I was sent to school in Jacksonville. I left Eatonville, the town of the oleanders, a Zora. When I disembarked from the riverboat at Jacksonville, she was no more. It seemed that I had suffered a sea change. I was not Zora of Orange County anymore, I was now a little colored girl. I found it out in certain ways. In my heart as well as in the mirror, I became a fast brown- warranted not to rub nor run. 6 But I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are all but about it. Even in the helter-skelter skirmish that is my life, I have seen that the world is to the strong regardless of a little pigmentation more of less. No, I do not weep at the world- I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife. 7 Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. Slavery is sixty years in the past. The operation was successful and the patient is doing well, thank you. The terrible struggle that made me an American out of a potential slave said On the line! The Reconstruction said Get set! and the generation before said Go! I am off to a flying start and I must not halt in the stretch to look behind and weep. Slavery is the price I paid for civilization, and the choice was not with me. It is a bully adventure and worth all that I have paid through my ancestors for it. No one on earth ever had a greater chance for glory. The world to be won and nothing to be lost. It is thrilling to think- to know that for any act of mine, I shall get twice as much praise or twice as much blame. It is quite exciting to hold the center of the national stage, with the spectators not knowing whether to laugh or to weep. 8 The position of my white neighbor is much more difficult. No brown specter pulls up a chair beside me when I sit down to eat. No dark ghost thrusts its leg against mine in bed. The game of keeping what one has is never so exciting as the game of getting. 9 I do not always feel colored. Even now I often achieve the unconscious Zora of Eatonville before the Hegira. I feel most colored when I am thrown against a sharp white background. 10 For instance at Barnard. Beside the waters of the Hudson I feel my race. Among the thousand white persons, I am a dark rock surged upon, and overswept, but through it all, I remain myself. When covered by the waters, I am; and the ebb but reveals me again. 11 Sometimes it is the other way around. A white person is set down in our midst, but the contrast is just as sharp for me. For instance, when I sit in the drafty basement that is The New World Cabaret with a white person, my color comes. We enter chatting about any little nothing that we have in common and are seated by the jazz waiters. In the abrupt way that jazz orchestras have, this one plunges into a number. It loses no time in circumlocutions, but gets right down to business. It constricts the thorax and splits the heart with its tempo and narcotic harmonies. This orchestra grows rambunctious, rears on its hind legs and attacks the tonal veil with primitive fury, rending it, clawing it until it breaks through to the jungle beyond. I follow those heathen- follow them exultingly. I dance wildly inside myself; I yell within, I whoop; I shake my assegai above my head, I hurl it true to the mark yeeeeooww! I am in the jungle and living in the jungle way. My face is painted red and yellow and my body is painted blue. My pulse is throbbing like a war drum. I want to slaughter something- give pain, give death to what, I do not know. But the piece ends. The men of the orchestra wipe their lips and rest their fingers. I creep back slowly to the veneer we call civilization with the last tone and find the white friend sitting motionless in his seat, smoking calmly. 12 Good music they have here, he remarks, drumming the table with his fingertips. 13 Music. The great blobs of purple and red emotion have not touched him. He has only heard what I felt. He is far away and I see him but dimly across the ocean and the continent that have fallen between us. He is so pale with his whiteness then and I am so colored. 14 At certain times I have no race, I am me. When I set my hat at a certain angle and saunter down Seventh Avenue, Harlem City, feeling as snooty as the lions in front of the Forty-Second Street Library, for instance. So far as my feelings are concerned, Peggy Hopkins Joyce on the Boule Mich with her gorgeous raiment, stately carriage, knees knocking together in a most aristocratic manner, has nothing on me. The cosmic Zora emerges. I belong to no race nor time. I am the eternal feminine with its string of beads. 15 I have no separate feeling about being an American citizen and colored. I am merely a fragment of the Great Soul that surges within the boundaries. My country, right or wrong. 16 Sometimes, I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company? Its beyond me. 17 But in the main, I feel like a brown bag of miscellany propped against a wall. Against a wall in company with other bags, white, red and yellow. Pour out the contents, and there is discovered a jumble of small things priceless and worthless. A first-water diamond, an empty spool, bits of broken glass, lengths of string, a key to a door long since crumbled away, a rusty knife-blade, old shoes saved for a road that never was and never will be, a nail bent under the weight of things too heavy for any nail, a dried flower or two still a little fragrant. In your hand is the brown bag. On the ground before you is the jumble it held- so much like the jumble in the bags, could they be emptied, that all might be dumped in a single heap and the bags refilled without altering the content of any greatly. A bit of colored glass more or less would not matter. Perhaps that is how the Great Stuffer of Bags filled them in the first place- who knows?

Emil Sodersten and Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Emil Sodersten and Architecture - Research Paper Example raphy, accessed April 27, 2013, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dellit-charles-bruce-9947 In 1927, Emil Sodersten became a council-member of the Institute of Architects in New South Wales, and in 1931 Fellow of Royal Australian Institute of Architects.6 Sodersten died in 1961, at the age of 62. His life coincided with three architectural design periods in Australia; federation period (1890-1915), interwar period (1915-1940), and postwar period (1940-1960). 7 Advent of 20th century is associated with the socioeconomic changes in the Australian society; on January 1, 1901, Australia became the commonwealth of Australia. The socioeconomic changes in Australian history displayed large-scale building construction in the suburbs within Sydney and Melbourne.8 At that time, federation architectural design style was popular in the building construction. Australia borrowed federation design style idea from Queen Anne style of architecture from England and the United States. It refers to the En glish Baroque architectural style and it was popular in the early decades of the twentieth century. Featured architectural characteristics of this style relate to towers, turrets, gables, steep roofs, vertical scale to windows and doors, symmetry and asymmetry, and Australian verandah. Some of the noted architects who used Federation style are Walter Liberty Vernon (1864-1914), George McRae (1958-1923), and Robin Dods (1868 – 1920).9 ___________________________________ 6. Kristine Sodersten. Emil Sodersten: His Contribution to the Development of Architecture in Australia, 1925-1940 (Sydney: University of South Wales, 1967). 7. Richard Apperley, Robert Irving, and Peter Reynolds, A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: Style and Terms from 1788 to the Present (Melbourne:... Australian history displayed large-scale building construction in the suburbs within Sydney and Melbourne.8 At that time, federation architectural design style was popular in the building construction. Australia borrowed federation design style idea from Queen Anne style of architecture from England and the United States. It refers to the English Baroque architectural style and it was popular in the early decades of the twentieth century. Featured architectural characteristics of this style relate to towers, turrets, gables, steep roofs, vertical scale to windows and doors, symmetry and asymmetry, and Australian verandah. Some of the noted architects who used Federation style are Walter Liberty Vernon (1864-1914), George McRae (1958-1923), and Robin Dods (1868 – 1920). Emil Sodersten’s professional life is associated with the architectural design style era of America and Europe where prevailing styles at that time were Modern and Art Deco. Modern movement in architectur al design style was credited to those architects who had avant-garde ideas, and at the same time were able to articulate them. Avant-grade ideas are personal philosophies and theories. In Europe, Le Corbusier, and architects from the Bauhaus, Frank Lloyd Wright, were the â€Å"influencers† of this movement. In the architectural design, modernism carried a sociopolitical message. The concept of the message was to break barriers among aesthetics, techniques, and society.10 Modernist architects maintained simplicity in form and design,.

Bussiness Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bussiness Innovation - Essay Example Simply, innovation can be any item, thought, & process, which is new to a specific area but not essentially to the whole world. According to Austrian economist Schumpeter, J. A. (1982)1, there are 5 cases of innovation, such as- Dynamically Continuous Innovation: It involves the creation & radical change of a product. Example is compact disks as in case of this, 2 dependable factors are regarded. Like- dependence on the application & dependence on originality. Relative Advantage: This idea can be judged on the basis of other facts like advantage of storage or unpredictable & uncontrollable facts like war because relative advantage in innovation do not require so many labors who may be absent in the war time. Complexity: If the innovation is hard to understand or least perceived value to implement, the adopter will consume it less. For example, though the online trade policy of Amazon.Com is easy, for a person who does not use internet system will be very much intimidating. Communicability: It simply states that when the advantage of innovation does not promptly solve a consumer’s problem, it will refuse to diffuse through a community or society relative to the innovation that is more appropriate for problem solution.4 According to â€Å"Smart Spenders, 1000 Global Innovation† which is an article in strategy & business magazine, writers like Rakesh Bordia, Barry Jaruzelski, and Kevin Dehoff have identified 4 basic stages of innovation. But we can elaborate these stages into 8 major parts that are described below- Business Analysis: - Once management has decided on its product concept & marketing strategy, it can evaluate the business attractiveness of the proposal which involves a review of the sales, cost & profit projections for a new product to find out whether they satisfies the company’s objectives.6 Product Development: - For many new product concepts, the product may have existed only as a word description, a drawing,